Today in History – April 7 in History

What happened on this day in history – April 7 in History around the world

1652		The Dutch establish a settlement at Cape Town, South Africa.
1712		A slave revolt breaks out in New York City.
1798		The territory of Mississippi is organized.
1862		General Ulysses S. Grant defeats Confederates at Battle of Shiloh, Tenn.
1914		The British House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill.
1922		U.S. Secretary of Interior leases the Teapot Dome naval oil reserves in Wyoming.
1933		President Franklin Roosevelt signs legislation ending Prohibition in the United States.
1943		British and American armies link up between Wadi Akarit and El Guettar in North Africa, forming a solid line against the German army.
1945		The Japanese battleship Yamato, the world’s largest battleship, is sunk during the battle for Okinawa.
1963		Yugoslavia proclaims itself a Socialist republic.
1971		President Nixon pledges a withdrawal of 100,000 more men from Vietnam by December.
1980		The United States breaks relations with Iran.
1983		Specialist Story Musgrave and Don Peterson make first Space Shuttle spacewalk.
1990		John Poindexter is found guilty in the Iran-Contra scandal.

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The Roots of War in Yugoslavia

The Roots of War part 1 of 3

The Roots of War part 2 of 3

The Roots of War part 3 of 3

Adolph Hitler Film Video Complete Arabic Language

William Tyndale Execution

William Tyndale was born about 1494 in Gloucestershire. He took his B.A. at Oxford in 1512 and his M.A. in 1515. He also apparently spent time in Cambridge. He was for some time tutor to a Gloucestershire family. He disturbed the local divines by routing them at the dinner table with chapter and verse of scripture, and by translating Erasmus' Enchiridion militis christiani (Handbook of the Christian Soldier, 1503). He was accused of heresy, but nothing was ever proved. John Foxe reports in his Acts and Monuments (1563) that one day at dinner, Tyndale announced to a visiting clergyman that he meant to translate the Bible so that ploughboys should be more educated than the clergyman himself.

He travelled to London to ask the Bishop, Cuthbert Tunstall, for support in his work. Tunstall rebuffed him. At this time, king Henry VIII was still the defender of the Catholic faith. Realising he could not translate the Bible in England, Tyndale accepted the help of a London merchant and went to Germany in 1524. He never returned to England, but lived a hand-to-mouth existence, dodging the Roman Catholic authorities. In 1525, he and his secretary moved to Cologne, Germany and began printing the New Testament. But Tyndale was betrayed, and fled up the Rhine to Worms. Here he started printing again, and the first complete printed New Testament in English appeared in February 1526. Copies began to arrive in England about a month later. In October, Tunstall had all the copies he could trace gathered and burned at St Paul's Cross in London. Still they circulated. Tunstall arranged to buy them before they left the continent, so that they could be burned in bulk. Tyndale used the money this brought him for further translation and revision. At the same time, he wrote polemical treatises and expositions of the Bible. He began the Old Testament, apparently in Antwerp: Foxe tells how, sailing to Hamburg to print Deuteronomy, he was shipwrecked and lost everything, 'both money, his copies, and time', and started all over again, completing the Pentateuch between Easter and December. Back in Antwerp, Tyndale printed it in early January, 1530. Copies were in England by the summer. Revisions and shorter translations followed.

On the morning of 6 October 1536, now in the hands of the secular forces, he was taken to the place of execution, tied to the stake, strangled and burned. His last words reportedly were: "Oh Lord, open the King of England's eyes."

http://www.tyndale.org/DeCoursey/life.html

John F Kennedy Notable quotations from Inaugural Address

U.S. President John F. Kennedy delivered his only inaugural address at 12:51 (ET) Friday, January 20, 1961,[1] immediately after taking the presidential oath of office administered by Chief Justice Earl Warren.[2]

John Kennedy Notable quotations

"...the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God."
"Let the word go forth.....that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans."
"Let every nation know... that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty."
"The world is very very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life."
"Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate."
"Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country"
"For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed."
"All this will not be finished in the first 100 days. Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin."
"...let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaugural_address_of_John_F._Kennedy

How Napoleon massacred Turkish Prisoners in Jaffa 1799 ?

How Napoleon massacred Turkish Prisoners in Jaffa 1799?

1799.

Arrival at Jaffa--The siege--Beauharnais and Croisier--Four thousand prisoners--Scarcity of provisions--Councils of war--Dreadful necessity--The massacre--The plague--Lannes and the mountaineers--
Barbarity of Djezasi--Arrival at St Jean d'Acre, and abortive attacks--Sir Sidney Smith--Death of Caffarelli--Duroc wounded-- Rash bathing--Insurrections in Egypt.

On arriving before Jaffa, where there were already some troops, the first person. I met was Adjutant-General Gresieux, with whom I was well
acquainted. I wished him good-day, and offered him my hand. "Good God!
what are you about?" said he, repulsing me with a very abrupt gesture;
"you may have the plague. People do not touch each other here!"
I mentioned the circumstance to Bonaparte, who said, "If he be afraid of
the plague, he will die of it." Shortly after, at St. Jean d'Acre, he was attacked by that malady, and soon sank under it.

On the 4th of March we commenced the siege of Jaffa. That paltry place, which, to round a sentence, was pompously styled the ancient Joppa, held
out only to the 6th of March, when it was taken by storm, and given up to pillage. The massacre was horrible. General Bonaparte sent his aides de
camp Beauharnais and Croisier to appease the fury of the soldiers as much as possible, and to report to him what was passing. They learned that a
considerable part of the garrison had retired into some vast buildings,
a sort of caravanserai, which formed a large enclosed court. Beauharnais and Croisier, who were distinguished by wearing the 'aide de camp' scarf
on their arms, proceeded to that place. The Arnauts and Albanians, of whom these refugees were almost entirely composed, cried from the windows
that they were willing to surrender upon an assurance that they would be exempted from the massacre to which the town was doomed; if not, they
threatened to fire on the 'aides de camp', and to defend themselves to the last extremity. The two officers thought that they ought to accede
to the proposition, notwithstanding the decree of death which had been pronounced against the whole garrison, in consequence of the town being
token by storm. They brought them to our camp in two divisions, one consisting of about 2500 men, the other of about 1600.

I was walking with General Bonaparte, in front of his tent, when he beheld this mass of men approaching, and before he even saw his 'aides de
camp' he said to me, in a tone of profound sorrow, "What do they wish me to do with these men? Have I food for them?--ships to convey them to
Egypt or France? Why, in the devil's name, have they served me thus?"
After their arrival, and the explanations which the General-in-Chief
demanded and listened to with anger, Eugene and Croisier received the ost severe reprimand for their conduct. But the deed was done. Four thousand men were there. It was necessary to decide upon their fate.
The two aides de camp observed that they had found themselves alone in the midst of numerous enemies, and that he had directed them to restrain
the carnage. "Yes, doubtless," replied the General-in-Chief, with great
warmth, "as to wome , children, and old men--all the peaceable inhabitants; but not with respect to armed soldiers. It was your duty to die rather than bring these unfortunate creatures to me. What do you want me to do with them?" These words were pronounced in the most angry tone.

The prisoners were then ordered to sit down, and were placed, without any order, in front of the tents, their hands tied behind their backs.
A sombre determination was depicted on their countenances. We gave them a little biscuit and bread, squeezed out of the already scanty supply for
the army.

On the first day of their arrival a council of war was held in the tent of the General-in-Chief, to determine what course should be pursued with respect to them the council deliberated a long time without coming to any decision.

On the evening of the following day the daily reports of the generals of division came in. They spoke of nothing but the insufficiency of the rations, the complaints of the soldiers--of their murmurs and discontent at seeing their bread given to enemies who had been withdrawn from their vengeance, inasmuch as a decree of death; in conformity with the laws of war, had been passed on Jaffa. All these reports were alarming, and especially that of General Bon, in which no reserve was made. He spoke of nothing less than the fear of a revolt, which would be justified by the serious nature of the case.

The council assembled again. All the generals of division were summoned to attend, and for several hours together they discussed, under separate
questions, what measures might be adopted, with the most sincere desire to discover and execute one which would save the lives of these unfortunate prisoners.

(1.) Should they be sent into Egypt? Could it be done?
To do so; it would be necessary to send with them a numerous escort, which would too much weaken our little army in the enemy's country. How,
besides, could they and the escort be supported till they reached Cairo, having no provisions to give them on setting out, and their route being through a hostile territory, which we had exhausted, which presented no fresh resources, and through which we, perhaps, might have to return.

(2.) Should they be embarked?
Where were the ships?--Where could they be found? All our telescopes, directed over the sea could not descry a single friendly sail Bonaparte, I affirm, would have regarded such an event as a real favour of fortune.
It was, and--I am glad to have to say it, this sole idea, this sole hope, which made him brave, for three days, the murmurs of his army. But in vain was help looked for seaward. It did not come.

(3.) Should the prisoners be set at liberty?
They world then instantly proceed to St. Jean d'Acre to reinforce the pasha, or else, throwing themselves into the mountains of Nablous, would greatly annoy our rear and right-flank, and deal out death to us, as a recompense for the life we had given them. There could be no doubt of this. What is a Christian dog to a Turk? It would even have been a religious and meritorious act in the eye of the Prophet.

(4.) Could they be incorporated, disarmed, with our soldiers in the ranks?

Here again the question of food presented itself in all its force. Next came to be considered the danger of having such comrades while marching through an enemy's country. What might happen in the event of a battle before St. Jean d'Acre? Could we even tell what might occur during the march? And, finally, what must be done with them when under the ramparts of that town, if we should be able to take them there? The same embarrassments with respect to the questions of provisions and security would then recur with increased force.

The third day arrived without its being possible, anxiously as it was desired, to come to any onclusion favourable to the preservation of these unfortunate men. The murmurs in the camp grew louder the evil went on increasing--remedy appeared impossible--the danger was real and imminent. The order for shooting the prisoners was given and executed on
the 10th of March. We did not, as has been stated, separate the Egyptians from the other prisoners. There were no Egyptians.

Many of the unfortunate creatures composing the smaller division, which was fired on close to the seacoast, at some distance from the other column, succeeded in swimming to some reefs of rocks out of the reach of musket-shot. The soldiers rested their muskets on the sand, and, to induce the prisoners to return, employed the Egyptian signs of reconciliation in use in the country. They, came back; but as they
advanced they were killed, and disappeared among the waves.

I confine myself to these details of this act of dreadful necessity, of which I was an eye-witness. Others, who, like myself, saw it, have fortunately spared me the recital of the sanguinary result. This
atrocious scene, when I think of it, still makes me shudder, as it did on the day I beheld it; and I would wish it were possible for me to forget it, rather than be compelled to describe it. All the horrors agination
can conceive, relative to that day of blood, would fall short of the reality.

I have related the truth, the whole truth. I was present at all the discussions, all the conferences, all the deliberations. I had not, as may be supposed, a deliberative voice; but I am bound to declare that.
the situation of the army, the scarcity of food, our small numerical strength, in the midst of a country where every individual was an enemy, would have induced me to vote in the affirmative of the oposition which was carried into effect, if I had a vote to give. It was necessary to be on the spot in order to understand the horrible necessity which existed.

War, unfortunately, presents too many occasions on which a law, immutable in all ages, and common to all nations, requires that private interests should be sacrificed to a great general interest, and that even humanity should be forgotten. It is for posterity to judge whether this terrible situation was that in which Bonaparte was placed. For my own part, I
have a perfect conviction that he could not do otherwise than yield to the dire necessity of the case. It was the advice of the council, whose opinion was unanimous in favour of the execution, that governed him, Indeed I ought in truth to say, that he yielded only in the last extremity, and was one of those, perhaps, who beheld the massacre with the deepest pain.

After the siege of Jaffe the plague began to exhibit itself with a little more virulence. We lost between seven and eight hundred, men by the contagion during the campaign of Syria'

http://mbarchives.blogspot.com/2006/11/1799-how-napoleon-massacred-turkish.html

http://mbarchives.blogspot.com/2006/11/1799-how-napoleon-massacred-turkish.html#!/2006/11/1799-how-napoleon-massacred-turkish.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa

The Life and Times of King Farook al-Awal of Egypt

وفاة الملك فاروق الأول

كتب ماهر حسن ١٨/ ٣/ ٢٠١١
كان فاروق عاشر حاكماً لمصر من أسرة محمد على بعد محمد على وإبراهيم وعباس حلمى الأول ومحمد سعيد والخديو إسماعيل والخديو توفيق والخديو عباس حلمى الثانى والسلطان حسين كامل والملك فؤاد، وهو مولود فى ١١ فبراير ١٩٢٠ فى القاهرة وتلقى تعليمه بإنجلترا، وحين توفى والده كان عمره ١٦ عاما، وتم تشكيل مجلس وصاية رأسه ابن عمه الأمير محمد على باشا توفيق، لسنة وثلاثة شهور، وحصلت أمه الملكة نازلى على فتوى من الشيخ المراغى بأن يحسب عمره هجريا، وتوج ملكًا فى ٢٩ يوليو ١٩٣٧، تزوج فاروق مرتين، الأولى من صافيناز ذو الفقار (فريدة) فى ٢٠ يناير ١٩٣٨، وأنجبا ثلاث بنات فريال، وفوزية، وفادية، وتطلقا فى ١٩٤٩ إثر خلافات من بينها عدم إنجابها وريثا للعرش،

ثم تزوج من ناريمان صادق، فى ٦ مايو ١٩٥١، وأنجبت له ولى العهد الأمير أحمد فؤاد، وغادرت الملكة ناريمان معه إلى المنفى بإيطاليا، ومن الأحداث المهمة التى وقعت فى عهده حادث ٤ فبراير ١٩٤٢ حينما قامت القوات البريطانية بمحاصرة قصر عابدين، لإجباره على تكليف النحاس بتشكيل الوزارة أو التنازل عن العرش فنزل على رغبة الإنجليز وكلف النحاس، ومن الحوادث الأخرى تعرضه لحادث كاد يودى بحياته وهو حادث القصاصين فى نوفمبر ١٩٤٣، ومجزرة البوليس فى الإسماعيلية ثم حريق القاهرة فى ٢٥ يناير ١٩٥٢،

غير أن حاشية السوء التى أحاطت به فى سنواته الأخيرة قد عجلت بالإطاحة به على يد ضباط ثورة ٢٣ يوليو١٩٥٢ ثم تنازله عن العرش فى ٢٦ يوليو ١٩٥٢ لابنه أحمد فؤاد الثانى الذى تولى العرش وهو لم يتجاوز الستة أشهر تحت لجنة وصاية برئاسة الأمير محمد عبدالمنعم، وبعد أقل من عامين فى المنفى طلبت الملكة ناريمان الطلاق، وعادت إلى مصر وحصلت على الطلاق بحكم محكمة، وكشفت ابنته الأميرة فريال فى برنامج تليفزيونى أن والدها كان يتلقى إعانات مالية سنوية من السعودية نظرًا للصداقة التى كانت تربطه بالملك عبدالعزيز آل سعود إلى أن توفى فى مثل هذا اليوم ١٨ مارس ١٩٦٥، بعد تناوله العشاء فى مطعم ايل دى فرانس بروما وكان له من العمر ٤٥، وقيل إنه اغتيل بالسم على يد إبراهيم بغدادى، وهذا ما نفاه بغدادى تليفزيونيا لمحمود فوزى.